Spain's Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy has rebuffed calls by Catalonia's ousted leader, Carles Puigdemont, to meet for new talks outside the country.
Mr Rajoy said he would negotiate with whoever became the new head of the Catalan government but they would have to take up their post in Catalonia.
Mr Puigdemont earlier called for talks to take place in Brussels, where he is living in self-imposed exile.
Separatist parties won a majority in a Thursday's snap regional election.
Mr Rajoy avoided naming Mr Puigdemont during a press conference on Friday but said he was prepared to hold talks with whoever took control of the Catalan regional government "in a realistic way and inside the law".
"I offer Catalonia this because I care about the people," he said.
Mr Rajoy said the winner of Thursday's election was Inés Arrimadas, the leader of the Citizens party, which wants Catalonia to remain a semi-autonomous part of Spain.
The Citizens party is now the region's biggest party, although pro-independence parties are best placed to form a government.
"It is evident that something is broken, and it will take time to repair it," Mr Rajoy added.
Speaking in Belgium earlier on Friday, Mr Puigdemont said Catalonia wanted to be an independent state.
"This is the wish of the Catalan people," he said, adding: "I think the plan of [Spanish Prime Minister] Mariano Rajoy is not working, so we have to find new ways to tackle this crisis."
Mr Rajoy's conservative Popular Party (PP) recorded its worst ever result in Thursday's vote.
The Spanish government imposed direct rule on Catalonia and called the election after declaring an October independence referendum illegal.
What were the results?
With nearly all votes counted, the pro-independence parties Mr Puigdemont's Together for Catalonia (JxCat), the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Popular Unity (CUP) were on course to win a total of 70 seats in total, giving them a majority in the new parliament.
Citizens (Cs) had 25.3% of the vote, winning 37 seats in the 135-seat chamber.
Its leader told the BBC her party had been "victorious". Ms Inés Arrimadas said forming a coalition would be "difficult - but we will try".
Analysis: What the papers say
By BBC Monitoring
Leading Spanish newspapers say the result has strengthened the government's position.
"Nationalism can no longer claim that it exclusively represents Catalonia," says Madrid-based La Razón. ABC newspaper thinks Madrid should now settle the Catalan crisis. "If Spain wants to win this fight in the long term and prevent Catalonia from leaving one day, it should draft a serious plan for strengthening the state."
The result seems to have split Catalan papers between those who want the independence project to continue, and those who accept the realpolitik of the election result.
"The independence movement has humiliated the Spanish prime minister," El Nacional says. "The decisions that affect Catalonia are not made in Madrid."
But Barcelona's El Periódico says the result means a "divided Catalonia". "The election that Mariano Rajoy called has shown that Catalonia is firmly divided in two blocs and there is hardly any space for intermediaries."
La Vanguardia writes: "Major forces supporting independence should look back, confess to mistakes and avoid making them again,"
Why did the election take place?
Separatists who dominated the previous Catalan parliament declared independence on 27 October after a referendum that was declared illegal by Spain.
In an attempt to stop that referendum, Spanish police stormed some polling stations. However many voters defied the Spanish courts and riot police to cast their ballots.
The move led to violent clashes with hundreds of people reported injured.
According to referendum organisers, 90% of voters were in favour of independence, but fewer than half the region's electorate took part.
What has been the reaction?
The European Commission said that its stance towards Catalonia remained the same, despite Thursday's election result.
The executive arm of the EU has previously stated that events in Catalonia were an internal issue for Spain.
"Our position on the question of Catalonia is well known and has been regularly restated, at all levels. It will not change," commission spokesman Alexander Winterstein told AFP news agency.
"In relation to a regional election, we have no comment to make," he added.
